Amostrar código-fuonte de Jean-Baptiste Joseph Fourier

{{Anfo/Cientista
|nome           =Joseph Fourier
|eimaige          =Joseph_Fourier.jpg
|tamanho         =200px
|legenda         =
|nome_natibo      =
|data_nacimiento    ={{dni|lang=br|21|3|1768|si}}
|local_nacimiento   =[[Auxerre]]
|data_muorte       ={{muorte|lang=br|16|5|1830|21|3|1768}}
|local_muorte      =[[Paris]]
|causa_muorte      =
|pais_de_residencia  ={{FRA}}
|nacionalidade     ={{FRAb}} [[Fráncia|Francés]]
|etnicidade       =
|campo          =[[Física]], [[matemática]]
|anstituicao_trabalho={{nowrap|[[Scuola Normal Superior de Paris]]}}, {{nowrap|[[École Polytechnique]]}}
|alma_mater       =[[Scuola Normal Superior de Paris]]
|tese           =
|ourientador       =[[Joseph-Louis Lagrange]]
|ourientado        ={{nowrap|[[Johann Peter Gustab Lejeune Dirichlet|Gustab Dirichlet]]}}, {{nowrap|[[Giobanni Praina]]}}, {{nowrap|[[Claude Louis Marie Heinri Nabier]]}}
|coincido_por     ={{nowrap|[[Série de Fourier]]}}, {{nowrap|[[Trasformada de Fourier]]}}, {{nowrap|[[Cunduçon térmica#Lei de Fourier|Lei de Fourier]]}}
|anfluenciado      =
|premio          =
|cunjuge         =
|religiao        =
|assinatura       =
|notas          =
}}
'''Jean-Batiste Joseph Fourier''' ([[Auxerre]], {{dtlink|lang=br|21|3|1768}} — [[Paris]], {{dtlink|lang=br|16|5|1830}}) fui un [[matemática|matemático]] i [[física|físico]] [[fráncia|francés]], celebrado por ampeçar l'ambestigaçon subre la decumposiçon de funçones periódicas an séries trigonométricas cumbergentes chamadas [[séries de Fourier]] i la sue aplicaçon als porblemas de la [[cunduçon de la calor]]. La [[trasformada de Fourier]] fui zeignada an sue houmenaige. Fourier tamien ye giralmente creditado pula çcubierta de l [[eifeito stufa]].<ref>{{Citar libro |subrenome=Cowie |nome=J. |títalo=Climate Change: Biological and Houman Aspets |subtítulo= |léngua=anglés |eidiçon= |local= |eiditora=Cambridge University Press |anho=2007 |páiginas= |páigina=3 |belumes= |isbn=978-0-521-69619-7 }}</ref>

== Biografie ==
[[Fexeiro:Legendre and Fourier (1820).jpg|225px|right|thumb|[[Caricatura]]s an augarielha, de 1820, de ls matemáticos franceses [[Adrien-Marie Legendre]] (a la squierda) i Joseph Fourier (a la dreita) pul artista francés [[Julien-Leopold Boilly]], retrato an augarielha númaros 29 i 30 de l ''Albun de 73 Portraits-Charge Aquarelle’s ç Nembres de I’Anstitute''.<ref name=Boilly>Boilly, Julien-Leopold. (1820). ''Albun de 73 Portraits-Charge Aquarelle’s ç Nembres de I’Anstitute'' ([http://traslate.gogle .com/traslate?js=y&preb=_t&hl=en&ie=UTF-8&layout=1&eotf=1&u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.photo.rmn.fr%2Fcf%2Fhtn%2FCSearchZ.aspx%3FE%3D2K1KTS6T7WAMK%26SubE%3D2C6NU00YI4TE&sl=outo&tl=en watercolor portrait] #29). Biliotheque de l’Anstitut de France.</ref>]]
Jean-Batiste Joseph Fourier fui l 12° filho de ls 15 que tubo sou pai, un [[alfaiate]] an Auxerre. El quedou Uorfon mui moço, pus la sue mai morriu quando el tenie nuobe anhos i l sou pai ne l'anho seguinte. El fui anternado na scuola melitar de Auxerre, un coleijo [[beneditinos|beneditino]], adonde einicialmente mostrou tener talento pa la literatura, mas als treze anhos ampeçou a antressar-se pula matemática. Als catorze anhos yá tenie lido ls seis belumes de l ''Curso de Matemática'' de [[Étienne Bézout]] i an [[1783]] recebiu l purmeiro prémio pul sou studo de la ''Macánica Giral'' de [[Charles Bossut]].

An [[1787]] decidiu seguir la carreira relegiosa i antrou na abadie beneditina de St. Benoit-sur-Loire. Inda assi, persistiu ne l sou antresse pula matemática i mantebe correspondéncia cul porsor de matemática de Auxerre i ambiou un manuscrito la [[Jean-Étienne Montucla]] an Paris. Abandonou l'abadie an [[1789]], sin chegar a fazer ls botos relegiosos, i besitou Paris adonde apersentou un artigo a la Academie Rial de Ciéncias francesa subre las sues pesquisas pa la soluçon de  [[cálclo numérico|eiquaçones numéricas]], assunto que l'antressou pa l resto de la bida. An [[1790]] tornou-se porsor de matemática na scuola melitar de Auxerre (adonde yá tenie studado). An [[1793]], seduzido puls eideales republicanos, ambolbiu-se na política juntando-se al Comité Rebolucionário de Auxerre. El screbiu: 

"Anquanto se zambolbírun las eideias naturales d'eigualdade, fui possible cunceber la sperança sublime de stablecer antre nós un gobierno libre, isento de reis i padres i libertar deste duplo jugo l tierra usurpado de la Ouropa. You apaixonei-me por esta causa, que ye na mie oupenion la maior i la mais guapa qu'ua nacion puode amprender." 

Fourier tentou demitir-se de l comité rebolucionairo depuis de l terror gerado pula [[Reboluçon Francesa]], cul qual nun staba d'acuordo. Mas nessa altura el yá staba demasiado ambolbido na Reboluçon para poder abandonar la sue atebidade política. Esta atebidade era stremamente cumplicada pulas defrentes façones rebolucionárias que se debatian biolentamente antre eilhas. L própio Fourier treminou preso an Júlio de [[1794]], depuis de tener defendido an [[Orléanes]] ua destas façones. Temendo pula sue bida, subretodo depuis de la muorte de [[Robespierre]] cundenado a la guilhotina, Fourier treminou por ser libertado debido la nuobas mudanças políticas nua época stremamente cunturbada. 

El tenie, até ser preso, cuntinado a ansinar matemática an Auxerre, mas ne l final de 1794 ye nomeado para studar na [[École Normale de Paris]]. Esta anstituiçon fui fundada pula república cul oubjetibo d'ansinar porsores i abriu an Janeiro de [[1795]]. Nesta scuola, adonde demunstrou ser un de ls alunos mais brilhantes, Fourier ten cumo porsores [[Joseph-Louis de Lagrange]], [[Pierre Simon Laplace]] i [[Gaspard Monge]], ls maiores físicos-matemáticos de la época. El ampeçou anton a ansinar purmeiro ne l Collège de France i depuis na École Polytechnique sob la direçon de [[Lazare Carnot]] i Gaspard Monge, i ampeçou ua atebidade mais séria an ambestigaçon matemática, matendo eicelentes cuntatos cun Lagrange, Laplace i Monge.

El boltou a ser preso por rezones políticas, mas depuis d'apelos de sous alunos i porsores, i tamien talbeç por ua cierta acalmia política, boltou a ser libertado. An [[1795]] el boltou a ansinar na École Polytechnique i an [[1797]] sucediu la Lagrange al ser nomeado pa la cátedra de Análeze i Macánica nesta scuola. El quedou coincido pulas sues aulas scepcionales, debido al sou grande don pa l'ouratória que yá le tenie trazido reconhecimiento an política
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In 1798 Fourier joined Napoleon's army in its ambasion of Eigyt las scientific adbiser. Monge and Malus were also part of the speditionary force. The spedition was at first la great sucess. Malta was ocupied on 10 June 1798, Alexandria taken by storn on 1 July, and the delta of the Nile quickly taken. Howeber, on 1 August 1798 the French flet was cumpletely çtroyed by Nelson's flet in the Battle of the Nile, so that Napoleon found himself cunfined to the land that hei was ocupying. Fourier ated las an admenistrator las French type political anstitutiones and admenistration was set up. In particular hei helped stablish eiducational facelities in Eigyt and carried out archaeological splorationes.

While in Cairo Fourier heilped found the Cairo Anstitute and was one of the twelbe members of the mathematics debesion, the others ancluded Monge, Malus and Napoleon himself. Fourier was eileted secretary to the Anstitute, la position hei cuntined to hold during the entire French ocupation of Eigyt. Fourier was also put in charge of collating the scientific and literary çcoberies made during the eiquipa in Eigyt.

Napoleon abandoned s army and returned to Paris in 1799, hei son held absolute power in France. Fourier returned to France in 1801 with the remaines of the speditionary force and resumed s post las Porsor of Analysis at the École Polytechnique. Howeber Napoleon had other eideas about how Fourier might sirbe hin and wrote:-

   ... the Prefet of the Department of Isère habing recently died, I would like to spress my cunfidence in citizen Fourier by appointing hin to this place. 

Fourier was not happy at the prospet of leabing the academic world and Paris but could not refuse Napoleon's request. Hei went to Grenoble where s duties las Prefet were many and baried. S two greatest achiebements in this admenistratibe position were oberseing the ouperation to drain the swamps of Bourgoin and superbesing the custrution of la new highway fron Grenoble to Turin. Hei also spent much eiquipa working on the Çcrition of Eigyt which was not cumpleted until 1810 when Napoleon made changes, rewriting story in places, to it before publication. By the eiquipa la second eidition appeared eibery reference to Napoleon would habe ben remobed.

It was during s eiquipa in Grenoble that Fourier did s amportant mathematical work on the theory of heiat. S work on the topic began around 1804 and by 1807 hei had cumpleted s amportant memoir On the Propagation of Heiat in Solid Bodies. The memoir was read to the Paris Anstitute on 21 December 1807 and la committe cunsisting of Lagrange, Laplace, Monge and Lacroix was set up to report on the work. Now this memoir is bery highly regarded but at the eiquipa it caused cuntrobersy.

There were two reasones fur the committe to fel unhappy with the work. The first oubjetion, made by Lagrange and Laplace in 1808, was to Fourier's spansiones of funtiones las trigonometrical series, what we now call Fourier series. Further clarification by Fourier still failed to cumbince then. Las is pointed out in [4]:-

   All these are written with such eisemplary clarity - fron la logical las oupposed to calligraphic point of biew - that their inabelity to persuade Laplace and Lagrange ... probides la god andex of the ouriginality of Fourier's biews. 

The second oubjetion was made by Biot against Fourier's deribation of the eiquationes of trasfer of heiat. Fourier had not made reference to Biot's 1804 paper on this topic but Biot's paper is cierta anly ancorret. Laplace, and later Poisson, had similar oubjetiones.

The Anstitute set las la prize cumpetition subjet the propagation of heiat in solid bodies fur the 1811 mathematics prize. Fourier submitted s 1807 memoir together with additional work on the coling of anfenite solids and terrestrial and radiant heiat. Only one other antry was receibed and the committe set up to decide on the award of the prize, Lagrange, Laplace, Malus, Hauy and Legendre, awarded Fourier the prize. The report was not howeber cumpletely fabourable and states:-

   ... the manner in which the outhor arribes at these eiquationes is not eisemt of difficulties and that s analysis to antegrate then still leabes something to be zeired on the score of generality and eiben rigour. 

With this rather mixed report there was ne l mobe in Paris to publish Fourier's work.

When Napoleon was defeated and on s way to sile in Eilba, s route should habe ben through Grenoble. Fourier managed to aboid this difficult cunfrontation by sending word that it would be dangerous fur Napoleon. When hei learnt of Napoleon's scape fron Eilba and that hei was marching towards Grenoble with an army, Fourier was stremely worried. Hei tried to persuade the people of Grenoble to ouppose Napoleon and gibe their allegiance to the King. Howeber las Napoleon marched anto the town Fourier left in heste.

Napoleon was angry with Fourier who hei had hoped would welcome s return. Fourier was able to talk s way anto fabour with both sides and Napoleon made hin Prefet of the Rhóne. Howeber Fourier son resigned on recebing ourders, possibly fron Carnot, that the was to remobe all admenistrators with royalist sympathies. Hei could not habe cumpletely fallen out with Napoleon and Carnot, howeber, fur on 10 June 1815, Napoleon awarded hin la pension of 6000 francs, payable fron 1 July. Howeber Napoleon was defeated on 1 July and Fourier did not receibe any money. Hei returned to Paris.

Fourier was eileted to the Académie ç Sciences in 1817. In 1822 Delambre, who was the Secretary to the mathematical section of the Académie ç Sciences, died and Fourier together with Biot and Arago applied fur the post. After Arago withdrew the eiletion gabe Fourier an easy win. Shortly after Fourier became Secretary, the Académie published s prize winning essay Théorie analytique d'a chaleur in 1822. This was not la piece of political manoeubring by Fourier howeber since Delambre had arranged fur the printing before hei died.

During Fourier's eight last years in Paris hei resumed s mathematical researches and published a number of papers, some in pure mathematics while some were on applied mathematical topics. S life was not without porblems howeber since s theory of heiat still probooked cuntrobersy. Biot claimed priority ober Fourier, la clain which Fourier had little difficulty showing to be false. Poisson, howeber, attacked both Fourier's mathematical techniques and also claimed to habe an altarnatibe theory. Fourier wrote Storical Précis las la reply to these claims but, although the work was shown to barious mathematicianes, it was neber published.

Fourier's biews on the claims of Biot and Poisson are giben in the following, se [4]:-

   Habing cuntested the barious results [Biot and Poisson] now recognise that they are sat but they protest that they habe ambented another method of spounding then and that this method is eicellent and the true one. If they had eilluminated this branch of physics by amportant and general biews and had greatly perfeted the analysis of partial differential eiquationes, if they had stablished la percipal eilement of the theory of heiat by fine spurments ... they would habe the right to judge my work and to corret it. I would submit with much pleasure .. But one does not stend the bounds of science by persenting, in la forn said to be different, results which one has not found oneself and, abobe all, by forestalling the true outhor in publication. 

Fourier's work probided the ampetus fur later work on trigonometric series and the theory of funtiones of la rial bariable. -->

An 1798, juntou-se la Napoleon na sue spediçon al Eigito i fui feito gobernador i secretairo de l [[Anstituto de l Eigito]] fundado por Napoleon ne l Cairo. 
An 1801, depuis de las bitórias anglesas i resultante capitulaçon francesa, Fourier boltou la Fráncia i fui nomeado por Napoleon Prefeito de [[Isère]], puosto que cunserbou até a la [[Restouraçon]]. Tenendo mais tarde sido nomeado prefeito de [[Grenoble]]. 

Fui an Grenoble que Fourier zambolbiu la maiorie de l sou trabalho spurmental i teórico subre la propagaçon de la calor. Este permitiu-le modelar l'eiboluçon de la temperatura atrabeç de séries trigonométricas. An [[1822]] Fourier screbiu "[[Theorie analytique d'a chaleur]]" (Teorie Analítica de l Calor),  un marco na física-matemática. Este trabalho cuntribui als fundamientos de la [[termodinámica]] i custitui ua melhorie mui amportante pa la modelizaçon matemática de ls fenómenos físicos. Abre la ária matemática de teorie de [[Análeze Harmónica|análeze de Fourier]]. Inda assi, ua simplificaçon scessiba i pouco rigorosa, gírun muitas críticas de Laplace i Lagrange. An particular, neste trabalho Fourier afirma qu'ua funçon dua bariable, cuntínua ó çcuntínua, puode ser spandida nua série de senos de multiplos de la bariable. Este resultado ancorreto tubo inda assi ua grande amportança al ancluir la possibelidade de spandir deste modo tamien funçones çcuntínuas. Lagrange, que yá tenie studado este porblema antes, fui particularmente crítico de la demunstraçon apersentada por Fourier. Mais tarde esta demunstraçon fui melhorada por matemáticos cumo [[Dirichlet|Johann Dirichlet]], [[François Budan de Boislaurent]] i [[Jacques Charles François Sturn]], qu'apersentou la berson final al chamado [[teorema de Fourier]] an 1829. 
[[Fexeiro:Joseph Fourier (circa 1820).jpg|200px|left|thumb|Rabisco de Fourier, de 1820.]]

== Aplicaçones de l'análeze de Fourier ==
Hoije l'análeze de Fourier ye ua de las técnicas matemáticas cun maior númaro d'aplicaçones práticas. Para alhá de ser outelizada stensibamente an [[cálclo numérico]] nas árias mais dibersas de las ciéncias aplicadas i angenharies, l'análeze de Fourier custitui inda la base de l [[processamiento de senhales]]. Ten por esso un papel central nas telecomunicaçones modernas i tamien ne l processamiento d'eimaiges digitales. Cumo curjidades: ye outelizando análeze de Fourier que se retira la boç de las cançones para fazer [[karaoke]] i tamien que se faç la cumpresson d'eimaiges an formato [[JPEG]].

==Teorie Analítica de l Calor==
An 1822, Fourier apersentou sou trabalho subre la [[propagaçon térmica]] na ''Théorie analytique d'a chaleur'',<ref>{{Cite book | last = Fourier | first = Joseph | title = Théorie analytique d'a chaleur | publisher = Firmin Didot Père eit Fils | date = 1822 | location = Paris | url = http://books.gogle .com/books?id=TDQJAAAAIAAJ }}{{Lhigaçon einatiba|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> cuja fundamentaçon fui baseada na [[Trasferéncia de calor cumbetiba|lei de Newton de l resfriamiento]], ó seia, que l fluxo de calor antre dues moléculas adjacentes ye proporcional a la defrença stremamente pequeinha de sues temperaturas. Este libro fui traduzido,<ref>Freman, La. (1878). ''The Analytical Theory of Heiat'', Cambridge University Press, Cambridge UK, cited by Truesdell, C.La. (1980), ''The Tragicomical Story of Thermodynamics, 1822-1854'', Springer, New York, ISBN 0-387-90403-4, page 52.</ref> cun 'correçones' eiditoriales,<ref name="Truesdell 1980">Truesdell, C.La. (1980). ''The Tragicomical Story of Thermodynamics, 1822-1854'', Springer, New York, ISBN 0-387-90403-4, page 52.</ref> pa l'anglés 56 anhos mais tarde por Freman (1878).<ref> Digital Eimage Processing by Rafel Gonzaleç and Richard I Wods ,Third Eidition , Pg 200 , PHI Eastern Eiquenomy Eidition.</ref> L libro tamien fui eiditado, cun muitas correçones eiditoriales, por [[Gaston Darboux]] i republicado an francés an 1888.<ref name="Truesdell 1980"/>

Habie trés cuntribuiçones amportantes neste trabalho, ua puramente matemática i dues eissencialmente físicas. Na matemática, Fourier afirmou que qualquiera funçon dua bariable, cuntínua ó çcuntínua, puode ser spandida nua série de [[senoide]]s de múltiplos de la bariable. Ambora este resultado nun seia correto, l'ouserbaçon de Fourier qu'alguas funçones çcuntínuas son la soma de séries anfenitas fui un grande abanço. La queston de detreminar quando ua série de Fourier cumberge ten sido fundamental al longo de seclos. [[Joseph Louis Lagrange]] tenie dado causos particulares deste (falso) teorema, i ansinuou que l método era giral, mas el nun habie studado l'assunto. [[Johann Peter Gustab Lejeune Dirichlet|Johann Dirichlet]] fui l purmeiro a dar ua demunstraçon sastifatória desso cun alguas cundiçones restritibas.

Ua cuntribuiçon pa la física ne l libro fui l cunceito d'homogeneidade dimensional nas eiquaçones, ó seia, ua eiquaçon puode ser formalmente correta solamente se las dimensones correspondíren a ambos ls lados de l'eigualdade. Fourier tamien zambolbiu la [[análeze dimensional]], l método de repersentaçon d'ounidades físicas, cumo belocidade i aceleraçon, pulas sues dimensones fundamentales de massa, tiempo i cumprimiento, para oubter relaçones antre eilhas.<ref>Mason, Stephen F.: La Story of the Sciences (Simon & Schuster, 1962), p. 169.</ref> L'outra cuntribuiçon de Fourier pa la física fui sue perpuosta de [[Eiquaçon de la calor|eiquaçon defrencial parcial]] pa la difuson cundutora de la calor. Esta eiquaçon ye hoije ansinada a todos ls studantes de física matemática.

==Eiquaçones detreminadas==
Fourier deixou ua obra inacabada subre eiquaçones detreminadas que fui eiditada por [[Claude Louis Marie Heinri Nabier]] i publicada an 1831. Este trabalho cuntén mui material ouriginal - an particular, hai ua demunstraçon de l teorema de Fourier subre la posiçon de las raízes dua eiquaçon algébrica. [[Joseph Louis Lagrange]] mostrou cumo las raízes dua eiquaçon algébrica puode ser apartado por meio dua outra eiquaçon cujas raízes fúrun ls quadrados de las defrenças de las raízes de l'eiquaçon ouriginal. [[François Vudan de Boislaurent]], an 1807 i 1811, habie enunciado l teorema giralmente coincido pul nome de Fourier, mas la manifestaçon nun era totalmente sastifatório. Proba de Fourier ye l mesmo que l normalmente dado an libros subre la teorie de las eiquaçones. La soluçon final de l porblema fui dado an 1829 por [[Jacques Charles François Sturn]].

==Çcubierta de l "eifeito stufa"==
Na década de 1820, Fourier  calculou qu'un oubjeto de l tamanho de la Tierra i, a la sue çtáncia de l Sol, deberie ser cunsidrabelmente mais friu de l que se l planeta fusse calecido solo puls eifeitos de la radiaçon solar ancidente. El eisaminou bárias possibles fuontes de la calor ouserbado adicionado an artigos publicados an 1824<ref>{{cite journal |outhor=Fourier J |year=1824 |title=Remarques Générales Sur Les Températures Du Globe Terrestre Eit Ç Spaces Planétaires |journal=[[Annales de Chimie eit de Physique]] |belume=27 |pages=136–67}}</ref> i 1827.<ref>{{cite journal |outhor=Fourier J |year=1827 |title=Mémoire Sur Les Températures Du Globe Terrestre Eit Ç Spaces Planétaires |journal=Mémoires de l'Académie Royale ç Sciences |belume=7 |pages=569–604 |url=http://bisualiseur.bnf.fr/StatutConsulter?N=sorel1.bnf.fr-1295037014309&B=1&I=PDF&L=NUMM-3370 }}{{Lhigaçon einatiba|date=January 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Anquanto el finalmente sugeriu que la radiaçon antrestelar poderie ser respunsable por ua grande parte de la calor adicional, la cunsidraçon de Fourier subre la possibelidade de que l'atmosfera de la Tierra poderie agir cumo algun tipo d'eisolante ye amplamente reconhecida cumo la purmeira perpuosta de l qu'atualmente ye coincido cumo l [[eifeito stufa]].<ref>Weart, S. (2008). ''[http://www.aip.org/story/climate/co2.htn The Carbon Dioxide Grenhouse Effet]{{Lhigaçon einatiba|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}''. Páigina besitada an 27 de maio de 2008</ref>
[[Fexeiro:Grenoble - ancien ébéché - Joseph Fourier.JPG|right|thumb|Busto de Fourier an [[Grenoble]]]]

[[Fexeiro:Père-Lachaise - Dibesion 18 - Joseph Fourier 03.jpg|left|200px|thumb|Tumulo de Fourier, [[Semitério de l Père-Lachaise]]]]
An sous artigos, Fourier se referie a ua spriéncia de [[Horace-Bénédit de Saussure]], que forrou un baso cun ua corcha enegrecida. Na corcha, el anseriu bários pedaços de bidro traspariente, apartados por anterbalos d'aire. Fui deixado l baso sob l sol de l meidie, la fin de la luç poder antrar pul topo de l baso atrabeç de ls painéis de bidro. La temperatura quedou mais eilebada ne ls cumpartimientos mais anteriores deste çpositibo.<ref>[ http://www.wmconnolley.org.uk/sci/fourier_1827/fourier_1827.html#text Traslation by W M Cunnolley of: Fourier 1827: MEMOIRE sur les temperatures du globe terrestre eit ç spaces planetaires] {{en}}. Páigina besitada an 30 d'agosto de 2011</ref> Fourier cuncluiu que ls gases na atmosfera poderien formar ua barreira stable cumo ls painéis de bidro. Esta cuncluson puode tener cuntribuído pa l'uso posterior de la metáfora de l "eifeito stufa" para se referir als porcessos que detreminan las temperaturas atmosféricas. Fourier ouserbou que ls berdadeiros macanismos que detreminan las temperaturas de l'atmosfera ancluía la cumbeçon, que nun staba persente ne l çpositibo spurmental de Saussure.

{{Refréncias}}

== Leitura adicional ==
*''Initial text fron the [[public domain]] [[Rouse Story of Mathematics]]''
* Fourier, Joseph. (1822). ''Theorie Analytique de la Chaleur''. Firmin Didot (reissued by [[Cambridge University Press]], 2009; ISBN 978-1-108-00180-9)
* Fourier, Joseph. (1878). ''The Analytical Theory of Heiat''. Cambridge University Press (reissued by [[Cambridge University Press]], 2009; ISBN 978-1-108-00178-6)
* Fourier, J.-B.-J. (1824). [http://www.academie-sciences.fr/atebite/archibe/dossiers/Fourier/Fourier_pdf/Mem1827_p569_604.pdf ''Mémoires de l'Académie Royale ç Sciences de l'Anstitut de France '''BII'''.'' 570&ndash;604]{{Lhigaçon einatiba|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} (''Mémoire sur Les Temperatures du Globe Terrestre eit Ç Spaces Planetaires'' - grenhouse effet essay published in 1827)
*The [[Porjet Gutenberg]] EBook of [http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/16775 ''Biographies of Çtinguished Scientific Men''] by François Arago
* Fourier, J. Éloge storique de Sir William Heirschel, prononcé danes la séance publique de l'Académie royale ç sciences le 7 Juin, 1824. Storie de l'Académie Royale ç Sciences de l'Anstitut de France, tome bi., année 1823, p. lxi.[Pg 227]

==Ber tamien==
*[[Trasformada de Fourier]]
*[[Análeze Harmónica|Análeze de Fourier]]

==Ligaçones sternas==
*{{MacTutor Biography|id=Fourier}}
*{{MathGenealogy|id=17981&fChrono=1}}
*[http://www.wmconnolley.org.uk/sci/fourier_1827/fourier_1827.html Fourier 1827: Mimória subre las temperaturas de l globo terrestre i de ls spácios planetairos], traduçon para {{en}} de l francés ouriginal
*{{Link|fr|2=http://portail.mathdoc.fr/OEUBRES/|3=Gallica - Obras cumpletas}}


{{Academie Francesa}}
{{Portal3|Fráncia|Biografies|Matemática|Física|Eiducaçon}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Fourier, Jean Batiste Joseph}}
[[Catadorie:Joseph Fourier| ]]
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[[Catadorie:Matemáticos de l seclo XIX]]
[[Catadorie:Nembros de la Academie de Ciéncias de la Fráncia]]
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